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Section 20 Question
20 found at the bottom of this page Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement (DPM) Stroebe and Schut (1999,2001) argued the need for a stressor-specific model of coping with bereavement because death losses invariably involve multiple and diverse Stressors rather than a single Stressor. They classified these Stressors into two types: loss oriented vs. restoration oriented. Loss-oriented Stressors are those that pertain specifically to the death-loss experience itself. Examples include the disintegration of future plans with the deceased, the ending of the physical relationship with the deceased, and the lack of social support once offered by the deceased. In contrast, restoration-oriented Stressors are those that are secondary (with regard to timing rather than intensity) to the death loss such as the addition of new household chores, decreases in financial resources, and altered communication patterns with friends and family members. Associated with each of these two types of Stressors is a specific coping orientation. Loss-oriented coping involves focusing on and processing aspects of the loss (e.g., visiting the grave, looking at photographs, emoting related to the death), while restoration-oriented coping involves focusing on the secondary Stressors that must be dealt with (e.g., financial problems) and determining how to tackle them (e.g., selling one's house). The core of DPM is the contention that the oscillation between these two types of coping processes actually is essential for adaptive coping. Through the concept of oscillation, Stroebe and Schut have managed to maintain the benefits of two of the most difficult to reconcile aspects of the mourning process: the need to move on with life and the desire to remain connected to the deceased (DeSpelder & Strickland, 2002). Stroebe and Schut (2001) argued for the broad applicability of DPM. For example, complicated grief, either chronic or inhibited, can be explained by an absence of either restorative- or loss-oriented coping respectively (Stroebe & Schut, 1999). In addition, bereaved women may tend to cope in more loss-oriented ways, in contrast to bereaved men who may focus more on dealing with restoration-oriented Stressors (Schul, Stroebe, de Keijser, & van den Bout, 1997). Stroebe and Schut (1999) have also suggested that the loss/restoration distinction may serve useful when discussing cultural differences in grief and mourning. As loss-orientation coping is broad (i.e., grief work, intrusion of grief, breaking bonds / ties, relocation of deceased), DPM could also be used to examine a variety of mourning related outcomes (e.g., tasks of mourning, meaning-making; Stroebe & Schut, 2001). DPM and counseling theories. Although the primary emphasis, here, is placed on the intriguing parallels between DPM and Gestalt theory (Peris, 1969), mental health counselors identifying with a behavioral (Wilson, 2000), person-centered (Rogers, 1980), or Jungian (Douglas, 2000) framework may find DPM concepts useful in their work with bereaved clients. With regard to behavioral and person-center approaches, recent research (Schut et al., 1997) found that widowed males assigned to a person-centered intervention showed lower distress following treatment, as did widowed females assigned to the behavioral approach; whereas men assigned to the behavioral and women to a person-centered approach exhibited little improvement. Schut et al. suggested that women naturally tend toward loss-oriented coping while men naturally tend toward restoration-focused coping and argued that individuals may benefit more when treatment challenges them to concentrate on the type of coping processes to which they are less accustomed. Because DPM has a strong non-linear emphasis, the counseling theories that emphasize holism and balance are a natural fit. For instance, the link with Jung's analytical approach is clear as he viewed the world in terms of paired opposites engaged in active struggle (Douglas). Similarly, Gestalt counseling theory suggests that individuals are self-regulating and inclined toward growth, with health being defined as the organism's awareness, recognition, and appropriate attention to needs and desires as hierarchically required (Yontef & Jacobs, 2000). Through the process of organismic self-regulation, the most pressing need / desire emerges from the background of the mind as a figure. When this figured need is addressed and attended to, it then blends into the background as the next figure in the hierarchy emerges. For healthy individuals, this process is fluid, and figures shift quite rapidly. As both emphasize the person-environment dialectic, the gestalt approach to health and adjustment blends well with the DPM distinction between the two major types of Stressors associated with death loss: Those that can be addressed through internal processing, and those associated with the secondary losses in the environment that may be more amenable to external adjustments. Creative adjustment is the Gestalt term used to describe the process employed by individuals when they are faced with the changing demands of the environment, such as a death loss (Sabar, 2000). More specifically, creative adjustment involves a balance between internally adjusting to current conditions and externally working to change the environment, when such change is possible and appropriate (Yontef & Jacobs, 2000). Creative adjustment occurs when individuals are aware of their own organismic functioning such that they attend to the hierarchical needs / desires that emerge in new situations and make the appropriate internal and external adjustments. For bereaved individuals, "creative adjustment during mourning means adapting to 'what is,' changing oneself and reorganizing one's environment to fit the new reality of the deceased person no longer being physically present" (Sabar, p. 161). This description clearly parallels the DPM. Another strong connection between DPM and Gestalt theory is the attention given by both to dualism and oscillation. According to Gestalt theory, life is marked by polarities (Yontef & Jacobs, 2000), and each figure stands against an opposite ground. For healthy functioning, both poles of each dichotomy must be allowed to become figures, and the constantly shifting balance between the poles is critical to the process of creative adjustment. As connected with the DPM, bereaved individuals have a dichotomy with regard to loss- and restoration-oriented coping, and both poles must be allowed to rise as figures and be addressed as hierarchically required by the organismic functioning of the individual. After a loss, bereaved individuals need to self-regulate both the pace and intensity of their grief, following a comfortable rhythm of avoidance of and attention to the pain so that they become neither overwhelmed nor numb (Sabar, 2000). Based on her clinical work with the bereaved, Clark (1982) took this notion of rhythm even further and defined times within the mourning process as either periods of connecting or separating. The similarity between her descriptions of these periods and the loss and restoration orientations of DPM is striking. More specifically, Clark explained that during connecting times, "people were involved in their life activities, making plans, doing everyday tasks, exploring and experimenting" (p. 59). In contrast, when in a time of separating, peoples attention centered on the impact of their loss. Thus, in a wave-like rhythm, "therapy flows back and forth during transition times between awareness of separating and awareness of connecting, between times of 'living' and times of 'dying'" (p. 61). Just as Stroebe and Schut (1999,2001) described complicated grief as a disturbance
in the oscillation, Gestalt theory suggests that neurotic regulation occurs
when some aspects of one's mental background are not allowed to become figures,
that is, when the polarities are not fluid, but rather become hardened dichotomies
(Yontef & JacoDs, 2000). The recommendation for mental health counselors
with regard to both approaches is to foster the acknowledgement and expression
of both dimensions, loss and restoration, thereby encouraging clients toward
balance. Personal
Reflection Exercise #6 QUESTION
20 Answer Booklet for this course Forward to Section 21 Back to Section 19 Table of Contents Top |
